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Find Restaurants with Geospatial Queries¶
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Overview¶
MongoDB’s geospatial indexing allows you to efficiently execute spatial queries on a collection that contains geospatial shapes and points. This tutorial will briefly introduce the concepts of geospatial indexes, and then demonstrate their use with $geoWithin, $geoIntersects, and geoNear.
To showcase the capabilities of geospatial features and compare different approaches, this tutorial will guide you through the process of writing queries for a simple geospatial application.
Suppose you are designing a mobile application to help users find restaurants in New York City. The application must:
- Determine the user’s current neighborhood using $geoIntersects,
- Show the number of restaurants in that neighborhood using $geoWithin, and
- Find restaurants within a specified distance of the user using $nearSphere.
This tutorial will use a 2dsphere index to query for this data on spherical geometry.
Differences Between Flat and Spherical Geometry¶
Geospatial queries can use either flat or spherical geometries, depending on both the query and the type of index in use. 2dsphere indexes support only spherical geometries, while 2d indexes support both flat and spherical geometries.
However, queries using spherical geometries will be more performant and accurate with a 2dsphere index, so you should always use 2dsphere indexes on geographical geospatial fields.
The following table shows what kind of geometry each geospatial operator will use:
| Query Type | Geometry Type | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| $near (GeoJSON point, 2dsphere index) | Spherical | |
| $near (legacy coordinates, 2d index) | Flat | |
| $nearSphere (GeoJSON point, 2dsphere index) | Spherical | |
| $nearSphere (legacy coordinates, 2d index) | Spherical | Use GeoJSON points instead. |
| $geoWithin : { $geometry: ... } | Spherical | |
| $geoWithin : { $box: ... } | Flat | |
| $geoWithin : { $polygon: ... } | Flat | |
| $geoWithin : { $center: ... } | Flat | |
| $geoWithin : { $centerSphere: ... } | Spherical | |
| $geoIntersects | Spherical |
The geoNear command and the $geoNear aggregation operator both operate in radians when using legacy coordinates, and meters when using GeoJSON points.
Distortion¶
Spherical geometry will appear distorted when visualized on a map due to the nature of projecting a three dimensional sphere, such as the earth, onto a flat plane.
For example, take the specification of the spherical square defined by the longitude latitude points (0,0), (80,0), (80,80), and (0,80). The following figure depicts the area covered by this region:
Searching for Restaurants¶
Prerequisites¶
Download the example datasets from https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mongodb/docs-assets/geospatial/neighborhoods.json and https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mongodb/docs-assets/geospatial/restaurants.json. These contain the collections restaurants and neighborhoods respectively.
After downloading the datasets, import them into the database:
mongoimport <path to restaurants.json> -c restaurants
mongoimport <path to neighborhoods.json> -c neighborhoods
The geoNear command requires a geospatial index, and almost always improves performance of $geoWithin and $geoIntersects queries.
Because this data is geographical, create a 2dsphere index on each collection using the mongo shell:
db.restaurants.createIndex({ location: "2dsphere" })
db.neighborhoods.createIndex({ geometry: "2dsphere" })
Exploring the Data¶
Inspect an entry in the newly-created restaurants collection from within the mongo shell:
db.restaurants.findOne()
This query returns a document like the following:
{
location: {
type: "Point",
coordinates: [-73.856077, 40.848447]
},
name: "Morris Park Bake Shop"
}
This restaurant document corresponds to the location shown in the following figure:
Because the tutorial uses a 2dsphere index, the geometry data in the location field must follow the doc:GeoJSON format </reference/geojson>.
Now inspect an entry in the neighborhoods collection:
db.neighborhoods.findOne()
This query will return a document like the following:
{
geometry: {
type: "Polygon",
coordinates: [[
[ -73.99, 40.75 ],
...
[ -73.98, 40.76 ],
[ -73.99, 40.75 ]
]]
},
name: "Hell's Kitchen"
}
This geometry corresponds to the region depicted in the following figure:
Find the Current Neighborhood¶
Assuming the user’s mobile device can give a reasonably accurate location for the user, it is simple to find the user’s current neighborhood with $geoIntersects.
Suppose the user is located at -73.93414657 longitude and 40.82302903 latitude. To find the current neighborhood, you will specify a point using the special $geometry field in GeoJSON format:
db.neighborhoods.findOne({ geometry: { $geoIntersects: { $geometry: { type: "Point", coordinates: [ -73.93414657, 40.82302903 ] } } } })
This query will return the following result:
{
"_id" : ObjectId("55cb9c666c522cafdb053a68"),
"geometry" : {
"type" : "Polygon",
"coordinates" : [
[
[
-73.93383000695911,
40.81949109558767
],
...
]
]
},
"name" : "Central Harlem North-Polo Grounds"
}
Find all Restaurants in the Neighborhood¶
You can also query to find all restaurants contained in a given neighborhood. Run the following in the mongo shell to find the neighborhood containing the user, and then count the restaurants within that neighborhood:
var neighborhood = db.neighborhoods.findOne( { geometry: { $geoIntersects: { $geometry: { type: "Point", coordinates: [ -73.93414657, 40.82302903 ] } } } } )
db.restaurants.find( { location: { $geoWithin: { $geometry: neighborhood.geometry } } } ).count()
This query will tell you that there are 127 restaurants in the requested neighborhood, visualized in the following figure:
Find Restaurants within a Distance¶
To find restaurants within a specified distance of a point, you can use either $geoWithin with $centerSphere to return results in unsorted order, or nearSphere with $maxDistance if you need results sorted by distance.
Unsorted with $geoWithin¶
To find restaurants within a circular region, use $geoWithin with $centerSphere. $centerSphere is a MongoDB-specific syntax to denote a circular region by specifying the center and the radius in radians.
$geoWithin does not return the documents in any specific order, so it may show the user the furthest documents first.
The following will find all restaurants within five miles of the user:
db.restaurants.find({ location:
{ $geoWithin:
{ $centerSphere: [ [ -73.93414657, 40.82302903 ], 5 / 3963.2 ] } } })
$centerSphere‘s second argument accepts the radius in radians, so you must divide it by the radius of the earth in miles. See 使用球面几何计算距离 for more information on converting between distance units.
Sorted with $nearSphere¶
You may also use $nearSphere and specify a $maxDistance term in meters. This will return all restaurants within five miles of the user in sorted order from nearest to farthest:
var METERS_PER_MILE = 1609.34
db.restaurants.find({ location: { $nearSphere: { $geometry: { type: "Point", coordinates: [ -73.93414657, 40.82302903 ] }, $maxDistance: 5 * METERS_PER_MILE } } })